It mostly repeated the assertions of previous UNESCO resolutions regarding Jerusalem, Israel's capital city, and holy sites in Jerusalem and the West Bank.
The measure described the Jewish state as an "occupying power" in Jerusalem, and said that any Israeli efforts to assert sovereignty over the holy city are "null and must be rescinded forthwith".
They said the resolution remains political in character and still includes criticism of Israel.
The Palestinian foreign ministry called the declaration "a victory for global law".
Public Security Minister Gilad Erdan thanked the countries that voted against the resolution.
UNESCO adopted the resolution with 22 member states voting in favour, 10 voting against and 23 abstaining.
"The State of Palestine will continue to work with the worldwide community to advance respect for global law and ensure that this respect is universal", the statement added.
Those resolutions maintained that the Western Wall and Temple Mount will be referred to by their Arabic names and the Hebrew terms for the sites will only appear in quotation marks in United Nations references. "To take this vote on Israel's Independence Day is a particularly new low".
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Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu ridiculed UNESCO during a question-and-answer segment in the annual Tanach Quiz, saying that Israel does not believe in UNESCO.
The Israeli premier also noted that he had ordered the Foreign Ministry to "cut an additional $1 million from the money Israel transfers to the United Nations".
The Israeli foreign ministry, which on Tuesday called the resolution an "unnecessary politicisation of UNESCO", started ramping up its criticisms of the United Nations body well ahead of the vote.
Speaking to foreign diplomats at a reception marking the country's founding, Netanyahu said: "There are more countries today that are abstaining or supporting Israel than there are those opposing Israel".
Pence added: "Even now we're making valuable progress toward the noble goal of peace".
Those who voted against were the U.S., U.K., Germany, Ukraine, the Netherlands, Togo, Paraguay, Greece, Lithuania and Italy.
"We, as Israelis, don't need UNESCO's approval of our history in our land". The Palestinians hope to establish a future capital in East Jerusalem.
"Under President Trump, if the world knows nothing else, the world will know this - America stands with Israel", Pence said to applause. World Jewish Congress President Ronald S. Lauder called it "a distorted, risky and illegitimate revision of history, which serves only as bait for adversaries of Israel seeking to strip the Jewish people's right to self-determination and deny its historic and religious link to Jerusalem".
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